wdc-climate.de:5369678 eng; USA collection EERIE_NEMO_hist_v1 Pablo Ortega Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación not filled pointOfContact 2025-12-17T11:26:09 ISO 19115 ISO 19115-2:2009 EERIE: Ocean Eddy-rich Kilometer-scale Climate Simulation with IFS-NEMO (v4.0.7): Historical Simulation (Version 1) 2026-01-13 publication 1 EERIE_NEMO_hist_v1 doi:10.26050/WDCC/EERIE_NEMO_hist_v1 Pablo Ortega Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación not filled Email: pablo.ortega@bsc.es principalInvestigator Nuno Rocha Monteiro Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación not filled Email: nuno.rocha@bsc.es author Marvin Axness Ferrando Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación not filled Email: marvin.axness@bsc.es author Daria Kuznetsova Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación not filled Email: daria.kuznetsova@bsc.es author Pierre-Antoine Bretonnière Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación not filled Email: pierre-antoine.bretonniere@bsc.es author Marc Batlle Martin Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación not filled Email: marc.batlle@bsc.es author Kai Keller Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación not filled Email: kai.keller@bsc.es author Pablo Ortega Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación not filled Email: pablo.ortega@bsc.es author Dr. Chathurika Wickramage Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum http://www.dkrz.de/ Email: wickramage@dkrz.de author WDCC publisher The EU project European Eddy-Rich Earth System Models (EERIE) aims to advance kilometre-scale Earth System Models (ESMs) to reduce biases associated with low-resolution climate simulations. Its overarching goal is to develop centennial-scale ESMs that explicitly resolve ocean mesoscale processes, thereby improving the representation of long-term climate evolution, variability, extremes, and potential tipping points. One of these novel models, the IFS–NEMO–ER coupled system, combines version v4.0.7 of the ocean model NEMO (Madec et al., 2019) and the sea-ice model SI3 (Vancoppenolle et al., 2023) with an upgraded version of the atmospheric model IFS cycle 48r1 (i.e. DE_CY48R1.0_EERIE_20240726). Two configurations are available, with intermediate and high horizontal resolutions. The high-resolution configuration employs a triangular–cubic–octahedral (Tco1279) atmospheric grid (~9–10 km) with 137 vertical levels and a tripolar global orthogonal curvilinear ocean grid (eORCA12, 1/12°) with 75 depth levels. The intermediate-resolution configuration uses a Tco399 atmospheric grid (~28 km, 137 vertical levels) and the eORCA025 ocean grid (1/4°, 75 depth levels). The intermediate-resolution setup is primarily used for model development and tuning and serves as a lower-resolution counterpart for EERIE experiments. All model components are coupled using a single-executable approach (Mogensen et al., 2012), enabling highly efficient, low-latency data exchange. Coupling is performed at an hourly frequency, with the exchange of key variables such as sea surface temperature, surface fluxes, sea-ice cover, and ocean currents. The atmosphere–sea-ice coupling follows a new thermodynamic strategy in which SI3 provides sea-ice concentration, albedo, and ice surface temperature directly to IFS. To equilibrate the coupled system before conducting the production experiments, a 60-year spin-up simulation was first performed under fixed 1950 radiative forcing. The final state of this spin-up was used to provide dynamically balanced initial conditions for the subsequent control-1950 and hist-1950 simulations. The spin-up was initialized with ocean and sea-ice states from EN4 observations representative of 1950 (Good et al., 2013), while atmospheric initial conditions were taken from ERA5 in 2020. Although this atmospheric state is warmer than that of 1950, its impact on the coupled system is negligible due to the atmosphere’s low heat capacity. The historical simulations use CMIP6 historical forcing for the period 1950–2014, covering a total length of 65 years. Tropospheric and volcanic aerosol forcing is prescribed using the CONFESS aerosol forcing, which is available from 1970 onward and provided in five-year epochs. For the earlier period (1950–1969), aerosol forcing is constructed by replicating the 1970 aerosol forcing. The aerosol forcing was generated within the EU Destination Earth (DestinE) project, from which further model developments and adaptations are currently being incorporated. These efforts are intended to prepare the IFS–NEMO system for multidecadal climate simulations. Pablo Ortega Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación not filled pointOfContact NetCDF EERIE IFS-NEMO hist-1950 CC-BY-4.0: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ eng; USA 0.0 360.0 -90.0 90.0 1950-01-01 2014-12-31 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/HE/101081383/BE//European Eddy-RIch ESMs air_temperature Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: K surface_downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air surface_downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air [CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 sea_surface_height_above_geoid sea_surface_height_above_geoid [CF-Standard Name]; unit: m sea_ice_area_fraction sea_ice_area_fraction [CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0.01 specific_humidity "specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: 1 surface_upward_latent_heat_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The surface latent heat flux is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air on account of evaporation (including sublimation). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 toa_outgoing_longwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 toa_incoming_shortwave_flux "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA incoming shortwave flux is the radiative flux from the sun i.e. the "downwelling" TOA shortwave flux. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 eastward_wind "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) [CF-Standard Name]; unit: m s-1 convective_precipitation_flux In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 s-1 surface_temperature The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The surface temperature is the (skin) temperature at the interface, not the bulk temperature of the medium above or below. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: K surface_downward_northward_stress The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Downward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. A downward northward stress is a downward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium northward and the upper medium southward. The surface downward stress is the windstress on the surface. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: Pa sea_surface_salinity The unit of salinity is PSU, which is dimensionless. The units attribute should be given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand if salinity is in PSU. Sea surface salinity is often abbreviated as "SSS". For the salinity of sea water at a particular depth or layer, a data variable of sea_water_salinity with a vertical coordinate axis should be used. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0.001 atmosphere_mass_content_of_water_vapor atmosphere_mass_content_of_water_vapor [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 toa_outgoing_longwave_flux "longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 snowfall_flux In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 s-1 water_evapotranspiration_flux Snow Evaporation Comment: Water here means water in all phases. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called 'sublimation'.) In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, 'flux' implies per unit area, called 'flux density' in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies. Used for mip era 'CMIP6' in CMOR MIP table(s): Table Eday, provided in frequency(s): day, and for Realm(s): land. Codelist created on 2019-02-01 from https://github.com/PCMDI/cmip6-cmor-tables (CMOR Version=3.4; table_date(s):14 December 2018) [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 s-1 water_flux_into_sea_water alias: water_flux_into_ocean "Water" means water in all phases. The water flux into sea water is the freshwater entering as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river inflow, sea ice effects and water flux relaxation and correction (if applied). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 s-1 geopotential_height Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name height, which is relative to the surface. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: m sea_water_salinity sea_water_salinity [CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0.001 surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air [CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 atmosphere_mass_content_of_cloud_ice Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 sea_surface_temperature Sea surface temperature is usually abbreviated as "SST". It is the temperature of sea water near the surface (including the part under sea-ice, if any), and not the skin temperature, whose standard name is surface_temperature. For the temperature of sea water at a particular depth or layer, a data variable of sea_water_temperature with a vertical coordinate axis should be used. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: degC precipitation_flux In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 s-1 sea_water_potential_temperature sea_water_potential_temperature [CF-Standard Name]; unit: degC surface_upward_sensible_heat_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The surface sensible heat flux, also called "turbulent" heat flux, is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air by motion of air. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 surface_downward_heat_flux_in_sea_water surface_downward_heat_flux_in_sea_water [CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 sea_ice_thickness sea_ice_thickness [CF-Standard Name]; unit: m wind_speed Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m s-1 relative_humidity relative_humidity [CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0.01 cloud_area_fraction "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover". The cloud area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. The cloud area fraction in a layer of the atmosphere has the standard name cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0.01 northward_wind "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) [CF-Standard Name]; unit: m s-1 ocean_mixed_layer_thickness_defined_by_sigma_t Ocean Mixed Layer Thickness Defined by Sigma T [CF-Standard Name]; unit: m air_pressure_at_mean_sea_level Air pressure at sea level is the quantity often abbreviated as MSLP or PMSL. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation. "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: Pa lagrangian_tendency_of_air_pressure "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of air pressure, often called "omega", plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when air pressure is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of air pressure; downwards is positive.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: Pa s-1 surface_downward_eastward_stress The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Downward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. A downward eastward stress is a downward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium eastward and the upper medium westward. The surface downward stress is the windstress on the surface. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: Pa surface_air_pressure The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: Pa NetCDF 381409 https://www.wdc-climate.de/ui/entry?acronym=EERIE_NEMO_hist_v1 information collection