ModE-Sim (short for Modern Era Simulations) is a medium-size ensemble of model simulations using the ECHAM6 atmosphere general circulation model (model version 6.3.5p2, doi:10.17617/2.1810480). Its setup is based on the PMIP4 experiments, but uses a forced AGCM rather than a fully coupled model. ModE-Sim was originally designed to form the a-priori state for a climate reconstruction (Modern Era Reanalysis, ModE-RA, to be found as separate experiment within this WDC project) that uses an offline data assimilation technique to combine the output of ModE-Sim with historical climate information. However, beyond its original purpose ModE-Sim on its own can be used as a tool to study climate variability, providing a high number of posible climate states that are physically plausible under the given forcings and boundary conditions. This might include, e.g. the separation of internal variability from the response to externally forced signals, understanding of teleconnection patterns, or the study of extreme events. The ensemble uses observed/reconstructed forcings and boundary conditions, while accounting in uncertainties in these. For 1420 to 1850 we provide a 60 member ensemble grouped in three subsets. The subset 1420-3 provided in this dataset group has 20 members and uses PMIP4 radiative forcings. As ocean boundary condition 20 different realizations of SST reconstructions were used and for sea ice a climatology was computed from the years 1850-1900 from HadISST2 sea ice.

ModE-Sim (short for Modern Era Simulations) is a medium-size ensemble of model simulations using the ECHAM6 atmosphere general circulation model (model version 6.3.5p2, doi:10.17617/2.1810480). Its setup is based on the PMIP4 experiments, but uses a forced AGCM rather than a fully coupled model. ModE-Sim was originally designed to form the a-priori state for a climate reconstruction (Modern Era Reanalysis, ModE-RA, to be found as separate experiment within this WDC project) that uses an offline data assimilation technique to combine the output of ModE-Sim with historical climate information. However, beyond its original purpose ModE-Sim on its own can be used as a tool to study climate variability, providing a high number of posible climate states that are physically plausible under the given forcings and boundary conditions. This might include, e.g. the separation of internal variability from the response to externally forced signals, understanding of teleconnection patterns, or the study of extreme events. The ensemble uses observed/reconstructed forcings and boundary conditions, while accounting in uncertainties in these. For 1420 to 1850 we provide a 60 member ensemble grouped in three subsets. The subset 1420-1 provided in this dataset group has 20 members and uses PMIP4 radiative forcings. As ocean boundary condition 20 different realizations of SST reconstructions were used and for sea ice analogues were picked from the HadISST2 sea ice, based on the reconstructed SST fields.

ModE-Sim (short for Modern Era Simulations) is a medium-size ensemble of model simulations using the ECHAM6 atmosphere general circulation model (model version 6.3.5p2, doi:10.17617/2.1810480). Its setup is based on the PMIP4 experiments, but uses a forced AGCM rather than a fully coupled model. ModE-Sim was originally designed to form the a-priori state for a climate reconstruction (Modern Era Reanalysis, ModE-RA, to be found as separate experiment within this WDC project) that uses an offline data assimilation technique to combine the output of ModE-Sim with historical climate information. However, beyond its original purpose ModE-Sim on its own can be used as a tool to study climate variability, providing a high number of posible climate states that are physically plausible under the given forcings and boundary conditions. This might include, e.g. the separation of internal variability from the response to externally forced signals, understanding of teleconnection patterns, or the study of extreme events. The ensemble uses observed/reconstructed forcings and boundary conditions, while accounting in uncertainties in these. For 1420 to 1850 we provide a 60 member ensemble grouped in three subsets. The subset 1420-2 provided in this dataset group has 20 members and uses a 20-member ensemble of perturbed volcanic forcings from the easy volcanic aerosol (EVA) model to account for uncertainties in the strength and the timing of volcanic eruptions. As ocean boundary condition 20 different realizations of SST reconstructions were used and for sea ice analogues were picked from the HadISST2 sea ice, based on the reconstructed SST fields.

ModE-Sim (short for Modern Era Simulations) is a medium-size ensemble of model simulations using the ECHAM6 atmosphere general circulation model (model version 6.3.5p2, doi:10.17617/2.1810480). Its setup is based on the PMIP4 experiments, but uses a forced AGCM rather than a fully coupled model. ModE-Sim was originally designed to form the a-priori state for a climate reconstruction (Modern Era Reanalysis, ModE-RA, to be found as separate experiment within this WDC project) that uses an offline data assimilation technique to combine the output of ModE-Sim with historical climate information. However, beyond its original purpose ModE-Sim on its own can be used as a tool to study climate variability, providing a high number of posible climate states that are physically plausible under the given forcings and boundary conditions. This might include, e.g. the separation of internal variability from the response to externally forced signals, understanding of teleconnection patterns, or the study of extreme events. The ensemble uses observed/reconstructed forcings and boundary conditions, while accounting in uncertainties in these. For 1850 to 2009 ModE-Sim offers 36 members grouped in two subsets, all using PMIP4 radiative forcings. The subset 1850-2 provided in this dataset group has 16 members and uses linear combinations of HadISST2 realizations as SST and HadISST sea ice as ocean boundary conditions.

ModE-Sim (short for Modern Era Simulations) is a medium-size ensemble of model simulations using the ECHAM6 atmosphere general circulation model (model version 6.3.5p2, doi:10.17617/2.1810480). Its setup is based on the PMIP4 experiments, but uses a forced AGCM rather than a fully coupled model. ModE-Sim was originally designed to form the a-priori state for a climate reconstruction (Modern Era Reanalysis, ModE-RA, to be found as separate experiment within this WDC project) that uses an offline data assimilation technique to combine the output of ModE-Sim with historical climate information. However, beyond its original purpose ModE-Sim on its own can be used as a tool to study climate variability, providing a high number of posible climate states that are physically plausible under the given forcings and boundary conditions. This might include, e.g. the separation of internal variability from the response to externally forced signals, understanding of teleconnection patterns, or the study of extreme events. The ensemble uses observed/reconstructed forcings and boundary conditions, while accounting in uncertainties in these. For 1850 to 2009 ModE-Sim offers 36 members grouped in two subsets, all using PMIP4 radiative forcings. The subset 1850-1 provided in this dataset group has 20 members and uses 10 different realizations of HadISST2 (two different ModE-Sim members share one realization of HadISST while they differ in their initialization) and according sea ice as ocean boundary conditions. In contrast to the other ModE-Sim sets, for set 1850-1 no forcings are provided within this dataset group. This is because for set 1850-1 only standard forcings and boundary conditions were used, i.e. PMIP4 volcanoes and HadISST sea surface temperatures and sea ice concentrations https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadisst2/.

not filled

not filled

Note: please use https://cera-www.dkrz.de/WDCC/ui/Compact.jsp?acronym=EKF400_v1.1 data instead of EKF400_v1 (details see Quality information EKF400_v1.1)! EKF400 is a monthly resolved paleo-reanalysis covering the period 1603 to 2003. Early instrumental temperature and surface pressure observations, temperature indices derived from historical documents and temperature and moisture sensitive tree-ring measurements were assimilated into an atmospheric general circulation model ensemble using a Kalman filtering technique. This data set combines the advantage of traditional reconstruction methods of being as close as possible to observations with the advantage of climate models of being physically consistent and having 3-dimensional information about the state of the atmosphere for various variables and at all points in time.

EKF400 version 2 is a monthly resolved paleo-reanalysis covering the period 1603 to 2003. Early instrumental temperature, surface pressure and precipitation (new in version 2) observations, temperature indices derived from historical documents and temperature and moisture sensitive tree-ring measurements (largely increased number in version 2) were assimilated into an atmospheric general circulation model ensemble using a Kalman filtering technique. This data set combines the advantage of traditional reconstruction methods of being as close as possible to observations with the advantage of climate models of being physically consistent and having 3-dimensional information about the global state of the atmosphere at 2x2 degree resolution for various variables and at all points in time. While version 1 was using time-dependent covariances from the 30-member ensemble, version 2 uses a blended covariance matrix. It consists of 50% time-dependent and 50% climatological covariances. This leads to a better covariance estimation, not only between various locations in space but in between various variables, too.