The MPI-ESM1.2-ER configuration is designed to facilitate research on ocean eddies that are explicitly resolved. The 1950-control simulation, spans 200 years for ocean and 100 years for the atmosphere, forced by fixed-1950 GHG-forcing. This includes fixed orbital parameters, solar irradiance averaged over a solar cycle, greenhouse gas concentrations, and ozone concentrations. The simulation excludes volcanic aerosol forcing and focuses on tropospheric natural aerosols. The MPI-ESM1.2-ER climate model includes the following components: aerosol: none, prescribed MACv2-SP, atmos: ECHAM6.3 (spectral T127/L95; 384 × 192 longitude/latitude; 95 levels; top level 0.01 hPa), land: none, landIce: none/prescribed, ocean: MPIOM1.63 (TP6M, approximately 0.1deg; 3602x2394 longitude/latitude; 40 levels; top grid cell 0-6 m), ocnBgchem: none, seaIce: unnamed (thermodynamic (Semtner zero-layer) dynamic (Hibler 79) sea ice model). The model was run by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany (MPI-M) in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 100 km, atmos: 100 km, land: none, landIce: none, ocean: 10 km, ocnBgchem: none, seaIce: 10 km. MPI-ESM-ER is a coupled climate model that is conducted following the HighResMIP protocol. Atmospheric component (ECHAM6.3) and ocean component (MPIOM) of the MPI-ESM-ER are coupled with a coupling frequency of 1hr (via OASIS3 coupler). MPI-ESM-ER includes dynamic vegetation, and interactive carbon cycle, as well as advanced representations of atmosphere and ocean processes (Stevens et al., 2013).

The MPI-ESM1.2-ER configuration is designed to facilitate research on ocean eddies that are explicitly resolved. Three realizations of the historical experiment exist. The natural forcing includes variations of the Earth orbit, variability in spectral solar irradiance, seasonally varying natural tropospheric aerosols, and stratospheric aerosols from volcanic eruptions. The anthropogenic forcing includes five well-mixed greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC-11, and CFC-12 as well as O3 and anthropogenic sulfate aerosols. The MPI-ESM1.2-ER climate model includes the following components: aerosol: none, prescribed MACv2-SP, atmos: ECHAM6.3 (spectral T127/L95; 384 × 192 longitude/latitude; 95 levels; top level 0.01 hPa), land: none, landIce: none/prescribed, ocean: MPIOM1.63 (TP6M, approximately 0.1deg; 3602x2394 longitude/latitude; 40 levels; top grid cell 0-6 m), ocnBgchem: none, seaIce: unnamed (thermodynamic (Semtner zero-layer) dynamic (Hibler 79) sea ice model). The model was run by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany (MPI-M) in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 100 km, atmos: 100 km, land: none, landIce: none, ocean: 10 km, ocnBgchem: none, seaIce: 10 km. MPI-ESM-ER is a coupled climate model that is conducted following the HighResMIP protocol. Atmospheric component (ECHAM6.3) and ocean component (MPIOM) of the MPI-ESM-ER are coupled with a coupling frequency of 1hr (via OASIS3 coupler). MPI-ESM-ER includes dynamic vegetation, and interactive carbon cycle, as well as advanced representations of atmosphere and ocean processes (Stevens et al., 2013).

The MPI-ESM1.2-ER configuration is designed to facilitate research on ocean eddies that are explicitly resolved. These experiments continue from the historical experiment until 2100, using the RCP8.5 concentration scenario. There are three realizations for the SSP5-8.5 ocean runs, which continue from the three realizations of the historical runs. However, only two realizations are available for the SSP5-8.5 atmospheric runs. The natural forcing includes variations of the Earth orbit, variability in spectral solar irradiance and seasonally varying natural tropospheric aerosols. The MPI-ESM1.2-ER climate model includes the following components: aerosol: none, prescribed MACv2-SP, atmos: ECHAM6.3 (spectral T127/L95; 384 × 192 longitude/latitude; 95 levels; top level 0.01 hPa), land: none, landIce: none/prescribed, ocean: MPIOM1.63 (TP6M, approximately 0.1deg; 3602x2394 longitude/latitude; 40 levels; top grid cell 0-6 m), ocnBgchem: none, seaIce: unnamed (thermodynamic (Semtner zero-layer) dynamic (Hibler 79) sea ice model). The model was run by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany (MPI-M) in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 100 km, atmos: 100 km, land: none, landIce: none, ocean: 10 km, ocnBgchem: none, seaIce: 10 km. MPI-ESM-ER is a coupled climate model that is conducted following the HighResMIP protocol. Atmospheric component (ECHAM6.3) and ocean component (MPIOM) of the MPI-ESM-ER are coupled with a coupling frequency of 1hr (via OASIS3 coupler). MPI-ESM-ER includes dynamic vegetation, and interactive carbon cycle, as well as advanced representations of atmosphere and ocean processes (Stevens et al., 2013).

RCM forcing data from two realisations of the CMIP5 experiment historical. The historical experiment covers the period 1850-2005. Forcing data are available from 1949 to 2005 only. The realisations differ with respect of their branch times of the pre-industrial control run (piControl): historical_r1i1p1 started end of 1849, historical_r2i1p1 started end of 1900 .

RCM forcing data from three realisations of the CMIP5 experiment decadal2005. The decadal2005 experiment covers the years 2006-2035. The members start from different states in late 2005 (1 day apart) of an assimilated historical run (realisation 1).

RCM forcing data from the 20 realisations (r11i1p1f1-r30i1p1f1) of the CMIP6 experiment historical, conducted with the MPI-ESM1-2-LR on the Mistral supercomputer of the DKRZ. The experiment covers the years 1850 to 2014 and branches from the CMIP6 piControl experiment. The file format is gzip-compressed GRIB (*.grb.gz). CMIP6 website: https://wcrp-cmip.org/cmip6/ CMIP6 paper: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016 Experiment description historical: Simulation of recent past (1850 to 2014). Impose changing conditions (consistent with observations). Should be initialised from a point early enough in the pre-industrial control run to ensure that the end of all the perturbed runs branching from the end of this historical run end before the end of the control. Only one ensemble member is requested but modelling groups are strongly encouraged to submit at least three ensemble members of their CMIP historical simulation.

RCM forcing data from the 20 realisations (r11i1p1f1-r30i1p1f1) of the CMIP6/ScenarioMIP experiment ssp370, conducted with the MPI-ESM1-2-LR on the Mistral supercomputer of the DKRZ. The experiment covers the years 2015 to 2100 and branches from realisations of the CMIP6/CMIP historical experiment. The file format is gzip-compressed GRIB (*.grb.gz). ScenarioMIP website: https://cmip.ucar.edu/scenario-mip ScenarioMIP paper: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016 Experiment description ssp370: Gap: Baseline scenario with a medium to high radiative forcing by the end of century. Following approximately RCP7.0 global forcing pathway with SSP3 socioeconomic conditions. Radiative forcing reaches a level of 7.0 W/m2 in 2100. Concentration-driven.

RCM forcing data from the 20 realisations (r11i1p1f1-r30i1p1f1) of the CMIP6/ScenarioMIP experiment ssp126, conducted with the MPI-ESM1-2-LR on the Mistral supercomputer of the DKRZ. The experiment covers the years 2015 to 2100 and branches from realisations of the CMIP6/CMIP historical experiment. The file format is gzip-compressed GRIB (*.grb.gz). ScenarioMIP website: https://cmip.ucar.edu/scenario-mip ScenarioMIP paper: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016 Experiment description ssp126: SSP-based RCP scenario with low radiative forcing by the end of the century. Following approximately RCP2.6 global forcing pathway with SSP1 socioeconomic conditions. Radiative forcing reaches a level of 2.6 W/m2 in 2100. Concentration-driven.

RCM forcing data from three realisations of the CMIP5 experiment decadal1980. The decadal1980 experiment covers the years 1981-2010. The members start from different states in late 1980 (1 day apart) of an assimilated historical run (realisation 1).

RCM forcing data from three realisations of the CMIP5 experiment decadal1990. The decadal1990 experiment covers the years 1991-2000. The members start from different states in late 1990 (1 day apart) of an assimilated historical run (realisation 1).