Source code of the Max Planck Institute atmospheric general circulation model (ECHAM6) adopted to the project PalMod for the concurrent execution of radiative transfer on HPC-systems.

The data was produced employing the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) version 4.1.2 (Skamarock et al., 2019) for the dynamical downscaling of GCM data. WRF is a fully compressible non-hydrostatic atmospheric simulation system. Two sensitivity simulations were conducted using 15-year time slices for the present day and the mid-Pliocene simulated by ECHAM5 as initial and boundary conditions (Mutz et al., 2018; Botsyun et al., 2020). Except for the atmospheric forcing data, other parameters were the same in both simulations. The model domain has a grid spacing of 30 km. In the vertical direction, 28 terrain-following eta-levels were used. The model time steps are 120 seconds with a 6 hourly data output and are aggregated to daily values in post processing. The boundary conditions were updated every 6 h. The daily re-initialization strategy from Maussion et al. (2011) and Maussion et al. (2014) were employed: each simulation starts at 12 UTC and contains 36 h, with the first 12 h as the spin-up time. This strategy kept the large-scale circulation patterns simulated by WRF closely constrained by the forcing data, while concurrently allowing WRF to develop the mesoscale atmospheric features. Physical parameterization schemes were consistent with the ones used for high-resolution dynamical downscaling in High Mountain Asia in Wang et al. (2021). The data format follows the guidelines of the [UC]² Data Standard (http://www.uc2-program.org/uc2_data_standard.pdf).

Multi-years (2014-2019) observations of dual-pol X-band weather radar (BoXPol) with 10 different elevations (1 to 28 degree). The spatial resolution is one degree azimuthal and 25m to 150m in range. The Temporal resolution is 5 minutes. Technical details: BoXPol is an active polarimetric Doppler X-band radar located at a 30 m high building next to the Meteorological Institute in Bonn. The radar transmits and receives horizontal and vertical polarized electromagnetic waves simultaneously (STAR/SHV-mode). Instrument type: EEC DWSR-2001-X-SDP.

We detect and quantify NOx point sources from the divergence of the horizontal NOx flux based on the continuity equation. The analysis steps are: - The NOx flux is determined for each TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) orbit by upscaling the TROPOMI tropospheric NO2 column to NOx and multiplying it with horizontal wind fields from ECMWF (300m above ground). - The NOx fluxes are averaged for 2018-2019. - The divergence, i.e. spatial derivative, of the mean NOx flux is calculated, which is particularly sensitive for point sources. - NOx point sources are detected in the divergence map by an automated search algorithm for local maxima, and quantified by fitting a Gaussian function to these maxima. Ambiguous cases are skipped. TROPOMI is the satellite instrument on board of the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite. The approach of deriving emission information from the divergence of the NOx flux is described in Beirle et al., 2019: Beirle, S., Borger, C., Dörner, S., Li, A., Hu, Z., Liu, F., Wang, Y. and Wagner, T.: Pinpointing nitrogen oxide emissions from space, Science Advances, 5(11), eaax9800, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax9800, 2019. The details and modifications made for the automated detection of NOx point sources on global scale are provided in Beirle et al., 2020: Beirle, S., Borger, C., Dörner, S., Eskes, H., Kumar, V., de Laat, A., and Wagner, T.: Catalog of NOx emissions from point sources as derived from the divergence of the NO2 flux for TROPOMI, to be submitted to Earth System Science Data, 2020.

The module allows for taking into account wind farms in atmospheric modelling via the wind farm parametrization by Fitch et al, 2012 in the regional climate model COSMO-CLM. Prerequisite is a wind farm mask file. Further details are given in the " Step-by-step implementation" document.

Regional climate simulations with the ALARO-0 model by the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium and Ghent University (RMIB-UGent). Dynamical downscaling on the CORDEX EUR-11 domain and HRes domain over Belgium at convection-permitting scale. Model name: ALARO-0 Important reference: Giot et al. 2016: https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1143-2016 Resolution: RCM: 50 km and 12.5 km; LAM: 4 km Nr. vertical levels: 46 Time step (s): 900 (50 km); 300 (12.5 km); 180 (4 km) Important scheme: 3MT Focal time series / severity index: (Sub-)hourly precipitation Host GCM: ERA-Interim / ARPEGE Non-hydrostatic: no

Regional climate simulations with the COSMO-CLM V. 5.0-CLM6 + TERRA_URB V. 2.0 model by KULeuven. Dynamical downscaling on the CORDEX EUR-11 domain and HRes domain over Belgium at convection-permitting scale. Model name: COSMO-CLM V. 5.0-CLM6 + TERRA_URB V. 2.0 Important reference: Wouters et al. 2016: https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3027-2016 Resolution: RCM: 12.5km; LAM: 2.8 km Nr. vertical levels: 40 Time step (s): 80 (12.5 km); 20 (2.8 km) Important scheme: TERRA_URB Focal time series / severity index: Precipitation, UHI Host GCM: ERA-Interim / EC-EARTH Non-hydrostatic: yes

This experiment comprises 4 different simulations: - hind-cast simulations, free-running - SSTs/SICs: global data set HadISST provided by the UK Met Office Hadley Centre - model data output mostly as 10-hourly global snapshots, monthly averages or as monthly accumulated variables, on model levels or pressure levels, respectively RC1-base-07: T42L90MA 1960–2011 RC1-base-07a: same as RC1-base-07, with corrected optical properties of stratospheric aerosol 1990-2010 RC1-base-08: T42L47MA 1960-2011 RC1-base-08a: same as RC1-base-08, with corrected optical properties of stratospheric aerosol 1990-2010 For further studies based on simulations of the ESCiMo project and on the EMAC model please also refer to: https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue812.html https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/special_issue10_22.html https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue22.html http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/~PatrickJoeckel/ESCiMo/publications/escimo_publications.html Technical details: simulation run on IBM Power 6 p375 "Blizzard" at DKRZ

This experiment comprises 3 different simulations: - future simulations scenario RCP6.0 - model data output mostly as 10-hourly global snapshots, monthly averages or as monthly accumulated variables, on model levels or pressure levels, respectively RC2-base-04: SSTs/SICs: taken from coupled HADGEM2-ES simulation T42L90MA 1960-2099 RC2-base-05: same as RC2-base-04 but with resolution T42L47MA 1960-2099 RC2-oce-01: with interactive MPI ocean T42L47MA/GR30L40 1960-2100 For further studies based on simulations of the ESCiMo project and on the EMAC model please also refer to: https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue812.html https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/special_issue10_22.html https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue22.html http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/~PatrickJoeckel/ESCiMo/publications/escimo_publications.html Technical details: simulation run on IBM Power 6 p375 "Blizzard" at DKRZ

Version messy_2.54.0p7, release date: 11. April 2019