Sea level pressure is a fundamental weather and climate element and the very basis of everyday weather maps. Daily sea level pressure distributions provide information on the influence of high and low pressure systems, air flow, weather activity, and, hence, synoptic conditions. Using sea level pressure distributions from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 (Kalnay et al., 1996) and a simplified variant of the weather-typing scheme by Jenkinson and Collison (1977) atmospheric circulation over the North Sea has been classified as to pattern and intensity on a daily basis starting in 1948. A full account of the original weather-typing scheme can be found in Loewe et al. (2005), while the variant scheme has been detailed in Loewe et al. (2006). The analysis has been carried out on the original 16-point grid. Though formally valid at its central point (55°N, 5°E), results are representative of the North Sea region between 50°N-60°N and 0°E-10°E. The modified scheme allows for six weather types, namely four directional (NE=Northeast, SE, SW, NW) and two rotational types (C=cyclonic and A=anticyclonic). The strength of the atmospheric circulation is classified by way of a peak-over-threshold technique, employing re-calibrated thresholds for the gale index G* of 28.3, 36.6, and 44.6 hPa for gale (G), severe gale (SG), and very severe gale (VSG), respectively (Loewe et al., 2013). Technically, the set of weather-typing and gale-classification rules is implemented as a lean FORTRAN code (lwtnssim.f), internally known as "Simple Lamb weather-typing scheme for the North Sea v1". The processing run was done on a Linux server under Debian 10 (Buster). Both, weather types and gale days, form a catalogue of more than 70 annual calendars since 1948 that is presented and continuously updated to the present day at https://www.bsh.de/EN/DATA/Climate-and-Sea/Weather-and-Gales/weather-and-gales_node.html. This catalogue concisely documents synoptic conditions in the North Sea region. Possible benefits are manifold. Special events and episodes in regional-scale atmospheric circulation are easily looked up and traced. Beyond that, the dataset is well suited for frequency, trend, persistence, transition, and extreme-value statistics.

An ensemble of bias adjusted regional climate model simulations based on EURO-CORDEX (CORDEX-EUR11). The data set covers daily temperature (minimum, average and maximum) and precipitation for historical, rcp26, rcp45 and rcp85 experiments covering a period from 1971 to 2100. In total 8 different RCMs from 8 institutes are included in the data set. ISIMIP3BASD v2.4.1 (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4686991) method was used for bias adjustment. The method is based on a parametric quantile mapping, including trend preservation of each quantile. Bias adjustment was performed for each variable separately. We used E-OBS v19.0e (https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028200) data to calibrate the bias adjustment transfer functions for the period 1971 to 2005. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Regional Climate, and the Working Group on Coupled Modelling, former coordinating body of CORDEX and responsible panel for CMIP5. We also thank the climate modelling groups (CLMcom, DMI, GERICS, IPSL-INERIS, KNMI, MPI-CSC, SMHI and UHOH) for producing and making available their model output. We also acknowledge the Earth System Grid Federation infrastructure an international effort led by the U.S. Department of Energy's Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, the European Network for Earth System Modelling and other partners in the Global Organisation for Earth System Science Portals (GO-ESSP). The data was developed and utilized within the Clim4Vitis (https://clim4vitis.eu), ProgRAMM and OptAKlim projects. The project is supported by funds of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) based on a decision of the Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany via the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE) under the innovation support programme. ProgRAMM: 281B204516 OptAKlim: 281B203216

Sea level pressure is a fundamental weather and climate element and the very basis of everyday weather maps. Daily sea level pressure distributions provide information on the influence of high and low pressure systems, air flow, weather activity, and, hence, synoptic conditions. Using sea level pressure distributions from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 (Kalnay et al., 1996) and a simplified variant of the weather-typing scheme by Jenkinson and Collison (1977) atmospheric circulation over the North Sea has been classified as to pattern and intensity on a daily basis starting in 1948. A full account of the original weather-typing scheme can be found in Loewe et al. (2005), while the variant scheme has been detailed in Loewe et al. (2006). The analysis has been carried out on the original 16-point grid. Though formally valid at its central point (55°N, 5°E), results are representative of the North Sea region between 50°N-60°N and 0°E-10°E. The modified scheme allows for six weather types, namely four directional (NE=Northeast, SE, SW, NW) and two rotational types (C=cyclonic and A=anticyclonic). The strength of the atmospheric circulation is classified by way of a peak-over-threshold technique, employing re-calibrated thresholds for the gale index G* of 28.3, 36.6, and 44.6 hPa for gale (G), severe gale (SG), and very severe gale (VSG), respectively (Loewe et al., 2013). Technically, the set of weather-typing and gale-classification rules is implemented as a lean FORTRAN code (lwtnssim.f), internally known as "Simple Lamb weather-typing scheme for the North Sea v1". The processing run was done on a Linux server under Debian 10 (Buster). Both, weather types and gale days, form a catalogue of more than 70 annual calendars since 1948 that is presented and continuously updated to the present day at https://www.bsh.de/EN/DATA/Climate-and-Sea/Weather-and-Gales/weather-and-gales_node.html. This catalogue concisely documents synoptic conditions in the North Sea region. Possible benefits are manifold. Special events and episodes in regional-scale atmospheric circulation are easily looked up and traced. Beyond that, the dataset is well suited for frequency, trend, persistence, transition, and extreme-value statistics.

This experiment contains the model output from a series of sensitivity simulations, called "rain", carried out with the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM6-HAM2 (model version ECHAM6.1-HAM2.2-MOZ0.9). The simulations were performed within the scope of the AeroCom project (https://aerocom.met.no/). In general, the "rain" sensitivity study aims to provide a process-based observational constraint on the cloud lifetime effect by examining the parameterized precipitation stemming from warm rain. Aerosol (precursor) emission estimates of the year 2000 from the AEROCOM-II ACCMIP dataset were used as forcing. Details can be found in the associated publication of Mülmenstädt et al., (2020).  The sensitivity simulations aim at investigating the effect of changing the autoconversion tuning factor (gamma) and the critical effective radius (rc) in the parameterization of autoconversion (see Fig.3 and Eq. 3 in Mülmenstädt et al., (2020). The respective setting of these parameters is indicated in the dataset group name (e.g. AeroCom ECHAM6-HAM2 warm rain sensitivity simulation gamma${x_gamma} rc${x_rc}. In the default setting of ECHAM6-HAM2, gamma is 4 and rc is -1. rc=-1 is used for simulations where no critical impact radius is applied. In addition to microphysical variables, the model output includes simulated radar reflections from CloudSat created with the satellite simulator COSP (Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observational Simulator Package, see Bodas-Salcedo et al., (2011)). The radar reflectivities are outputted on so-called subcolumns to include information on the subgrid variability of hydrometeors. The model output is provided as global fields on a reduced Gaussian Grid (N48) with 3-hourly temporal resolution and covers the period January 2000 to December 2004.  The dataset is well suited for evaluating the sensitivity of warm rain parameterization in ECHAM6-HAM2. The data publication is standardized according to the ATMODAT Standard (v3.0) (Ganske et al. 2021). The data standardization was funded within the framework of “Forschungsvorhaben zur Entwicklung und Erprobung von Kurationskriterien und Qualitätsstandards von Forschungsdaten” by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; FKZ: 16QK02B).

This experiment contains the model output of a simulation by the microscale obstacle resolving model MITRAS (Salim et al., 2018; Schluenzen et al., 2018, model version MITRAS ver2 rev471a5b5). MITRAS can resolve small scale atmospheric processes in urban areas and is maintained by the MEMI working group of the University of Hamburg (https://www.mi.uni-hamburg.de/en/arbeitsgruppen/memi/). The aim of this simulation was to create an obstacle resolving model (ORM) dataset to test the suitability of the newly established ATMODAT standard (Ganske et al., 2021) in standardising ORM results, as a part of the AtMoDat project (https://www.atmodat.de/). The simulation results show the distribution of passive tracer and wind field within the city center of Hamburg, Germany. Emitted tracer represent particulate matter (pm10), emitted from green spaces in the city center. Only dynamical effects are calculated in this simulation. The model domain covers an area of 2000x2000x8000 m, using a non-equidistant, cartesian grid with an spatial resolution of 2.5 m in horizontal and 5 m in vertical direction with increasing grid cell size towards the model boundaries. Information about the location and height of the obstacles are provided within the dataset. The model domain is based on the study of Hefny Salim et al., (2015). The simulation covers one hour model time, starting at 4 am model time, with a temporal resolution of 5 minutes. This dataset contains a selection of output variables; control variables are not included. Model Settings: passive tracer emission; no diurnal cycle; stable stratification; low wind speed (u,v = 3 m/s, 0 m/s). This dataset has been standardized according to the ATMODAT Standard (v3.0) (Ganske et al., 2021). The AtMoDat project was funded in the framework of \"Forschungsvorhaben zur Entwicklung und Erprobung von Kurationskriterien und Qualitaetsstandards von Forschungsdaten\" by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; FKZ: 16QK02C). This data was prepared in the project AtMoDat and acts as an example dataset for standardisation of microscale model data using the ATMODAT standard.

This experiment contains sensitivity test results (Ferner et al. 2023) of 11 simulations with the microscale, obstacle-resolving model MITRAS v 3.1 (Salim et al., 2018; Schluenzen et al., 2018) for a domain of 1.6 x 1.8 km² around Hamburg City Hall in Hamburg. The domain contains various street configurations, open spaces, water surfaces, orography and building heights. The simulations were performed with different initial wind speeds, rain amounts, wind directions, and domain configurations. The simulations cover 1:40 hours, starting at 7:30 LST (LST refers to Local Solar Time), with a temporal resolution of 10, 1 or 5 minutes. This experiment contains a selection of output variables, control variables are not included. The file names of the data sets are composed as follows. {precipitation}_{intensity}_{windspeed}_ {intensity}_{winddirection}_{value}_{case ID}.nc There are 3 intensities: low, medium, high Associated values are these: pr_low = 0.5 mm, pr_medium =0.9 mm, pr_high = 1.7 mm (after 10 minutes) ff_low = 2 m/s, ff_medium = 4 m/s, ff_high = 4 m/s Example: pr_medium_ff_low_dd_270_ML27.nc