This dataset group contains the regionalised seasonal forecasts for the SaWaM study domain D01 (Karun Basin, Iran). The data is based on the latest seasonal forecast product SEAS5 from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), which has been Bias-Corrected and Spatially Disaggregated (BCSD) towards the ERA5-Land high-resolution replay of the land component of ECMWF's ERA5 climate reanalysis. It hence provides a temporally and spatially consistent set of land surface variables for driving e.g. hydrological models or assessing the regional forecast skill of seasonal forecasts. Currently, the dataset group contains daily and monthly ensemble (re)forecasts during the period 1981 to 2019. In particular, each forecast with 25 (before 2017) and 51 (since 2017) ensemble members contains daily and monthly forecasts for precipitation, maximum, minimum, and average temperature as well as radiation from the issue date for the next 215 days.

This dataset group contains the regionalised seasonal forecasts for the SaWaM study domain D02 (Rio São Francisco, Brazil). The data is based on the latest seasonal forecast product SEAS5 from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), which has been Bias-Corrected and Spatially Disaggregated (BCSD) towards the ERA5-Land high-resolution replay of the land component of ECMWF's ERA5 climate reanalysis. It hence provides a temporally and spatially consistent set of land surface variables for driving e.g. hydrological models or assessing the regional forecast skill of seasonal forecasts. Currently, the dataset group contains daily and monthly ensemble (re)forecasts during the period 1981 to 2019. In particular, each forecast with 25 (before 2017) and 51 (since 2017) ensemble members contains daily and monthly forecasts for precipitation, maximum, minimum, and average temperature as well as radiation from the issue date for the next 215 days.

This dataset group contains the regionalised seasonal forecasts for the SaWaM study domain D04 (Catamayo-Chira Basin, Ecuador and Peru). The data is based on the latest seasonal forecast product SEAS5 from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), which has been Bias-Corrected and Spatially Disaggregated (BCSD) towards the ERA5-Land high-resolution replay of the land component of ECMWF's ERA5 climate reanalysis. It hence provides a temporally and spatially consistent set of land surface variables for driving e.g. hydrological models or assessing the regional forecast skill of seasonal forecasts. Currently, the dataset group contains daily and monthly ensemble (re)forecasts during the period 1981 to 2019. In particular, each forecast with 25 (before 2017) and 51 (since 2017) ensemble members contains daily and monthly forecasts for precipitation, maximum, minimum, and average temperature as well as radiation from the issue date for the next 215 days.

This dataset group contains the regionalised seasonal forecasts for the SaWaM study domain D03 (Tekeze-Atbara and Blue Nile Basins, Sudan and Ethiopia). The data is based on the latest seasonal forecast product SEAS5 from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), which has been Bias-Corrected and Spatially Disaggregated (BCSD) towards the ERA5-Land high-resolution replay of the land component of ECMWF's ERA5 climate reanalysis. It hence provides a temporally and spatially consistent set of land surface variables for driving e.g. hydrological models or assessing the regional forecast skill of seasonal forecasts. Currently, the dataset group contains daily and monthly ensemble (re)forecasts during the period 1981 to 2019. In particular, each forecast with 25 (before 2017) and 51 (since 2017) ensemble members contains daily and monthly forecasts for precipitation, maximum, minimum, and average temperature as well as radiation from the issue date for the next 215 days.

This dataset group contains the regionalised seasonal forecasts for the SaWaM study domain D03 (Tekeze-Atbara and Blue Nile Basins, Sudan and Ethiopia). The data is based on the latest seasonal forecast product SEAS5 from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), which has been Bias-Corrected and Spatially Disaggregated (BCSD) towards the ERA5-Land high-resolution replay of the land component of ECMWF's ERA5 climate reanalysis. It hence provides a temporally and spatially consistent set of land surface variables for driving e.g. hydrological models or assessing the regional forecast skill of seasonal forecasts. Currently, the dataset group contains daily and monthly ensemble (re)forecasts during the period 1981 to 2019. In particular, each forecast with 25 (before 2017) and 51 (since 2017) ensemble members contains daily and monthly forecasts for precipitation, maximum, minimum, and average temperature as well as radiation from the issue date for the next 215 days.

This dataset group contains the regionalised seasonal forecasts for the SaWaM study domain D04 (Catamayo-Chira Basin, Ecuador and Peru). The data is based on the latest seasonal forecast product SEAS5 from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), which has been Bias-Corrected and Spatially Disaggregated (BCSD) towards the ERA5-Land high-resolution replay of the land component of ECMWF's ERA5 climate reanalysis. It hence provides a temporally and spatially consistent set of land surface variables for driving e.g. hydrological models or assessing the regional forecast skill of seasonal forecasts. Currently, the dataset group contains daily and monthly ensemble (re)forecasts during the period 1981 to 2019. In particular, each forecast with 25 (before 2017) and 51 (since 2017) ensemble members contains daily and monthly forecasts for precipitation, maximum, minimum, and average temperature as well as radiation from the issue date for the next 215 days.

This dataset group contains the regionalised seasonal forecasts for the SaWaM study domain D01 (Karun Basin, Iran). The data is based on the latest seasonal forecast product SEAS5 from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), which has been Bias-Corrected and Spatially Disaggregated (BCSD) towards the ERA5-Land high-resolution replay of the land component of ECMWF's ERA5 climate reanalysis. It hence provides a temporally and spatially consistent set of land surface variables for driving e.g. hydrological models or assessing the regional forecast skill of seasonal forecasts. Currently, the dataset group contains daily and monthly ensemble (re)forecasts during the period 1981 to 2019. In particular, each forecast with 25 (before 2017) and 51 (since 2017) ensemble members contains daily and monthly forecasts for precipitation, maximum, minimum, and average temperature as well as radiation from the issue date for the next 215 days.

HadCRU_MLE_v1.2 is a dataset of monthly gridded surface temperatures for the Earth during the instrumental period (since 1850). The name ‘HadCRU_MLE_v1.2’ reflects the dataset’s use of maximum likelihood estimation and observational data primarily from the Met Office Hadley Centre and the Climate Research Unit of the University of East Anglia. Source datasets used to create HadCRU_MLE_v1.2 include land surface air temperature anomalies of non-infilled HadCRUT5, sea surface temperature anomalies of HadSST4, sea ice coverage of HadISST2, the surface temperature climatology of Jones et al. (1999), the sea surface temperature climatology of HadSST3, land mask data of OSTIAv2, surface elevation data of GMTED2010, and climate model output of CCSM4 for a pre-industrial control scenario. HadCRU_MLE_v1.2 was generated using information from the Met Office Hadley Centre, the Climate Research Unit of the University of East Anglia, the E.U. Copernicus Marine Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the University Corporation of Atmospheric Research. Results of sensitivity tests using alternate sea ice source datasets from the Japanese Meteorological Agency (COBE-SST2) and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (modified G10010v2 appended with G02202v4) are also available. The primary motivation to develop HadCRU_MLE_v1.0 was to better account for spatially nonuniform warming across the planet. HadCRU_MLE_v1.0 better accounts for nonuniform warming by fitting an amplification function to observations to better account for spatially nonuniform warming trends, and by using differences in temperature climatologies and temperature anomalies between open sea and sea ice regions to better account for the impacts of changes in sea ice concentrations. These improvements increased the estimate of global mean surface temperature change during the instrumental period. HadCRU_MLE_v1.2 has additional improvements compared to HadCRUT5 Analysis, including correcting for a small underestimation of LSAT warming between 1961 and 1990, taking advantage of temporal correlations of observations, taking advantage of correlations between land and open sea observations, and better treatment of the El Niño Southern Oscillation. To support publication of the referenced research article in the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, HadCRU_MLE_v1.2 was created to respond to suggestions by peer reviewers, including extended coverage until the end of 2023 and additional sensitivity tests. HadCRU_MLE_v1.2 includes mean surface temperature anomalies for each month from 1850 to 2023 and for each 5° latitude by 5° longitude grid cell. The maximum likelihood estimation approach allows for the estimated field of surface temperature anomalies to be temporally and spatially complete for the entire instrumental period and for the entire surface of the Earth. A 5° by 5° gridded 1961-1990 temperature climatology for HadCRU_MLE_v1.2 is available, although caution is advised when interpreting this temperature climatology since the source datasets used for temperature climatologies do not correspond perfectly with the source datasets used for temperature anomalies. Other information of HadCRU_MLE_v1.2 is available, including model parameters, the estimated amplification function, the internal variability pattern, the land area fractions, and the impacts of sea ice concentrations and the El Niño Southern Oscillation on surface temperature anomalies. Future versions of HadCRU_MLE may become available to extend the temporal coverage beyond 2023.

This dataset group contains the regionalised seasonal forecasts for the SaWaM study domain D02 (Rio São Francisco, Brazil). The data is based on the latest seasonal forecast product SEAS5 from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), which has been Bias-Corrected and Spatially Disaggregated (BCSD) towards the ERA5-Land high-resolution replay of the land component of ECMWF's ERA5 climate reanalysis. It hence provides a temporally and spatially consistent set of land surface variables for driving e.g. hydrological models or assessing the regional forecast skill of seasonal forecasts. Currently, the dataset group contains daily and monthly ensemble (re)forecasts during the period 1981 to 2019. In particular, each forecast with 25 (before 2017) and 51 (since 2017) ensemble members contains daily and monthly forecasts for precipitation, maximum, minimum, and average temperature as well as radiation from the issue date for the next 215 days.

An ensemble of bias adjusted regional climate model simulations based on EURO-CORDEX (CORDEX-EUR11). The data set covers daily temperature (minimum, average and maximum) and precipitation for historical, rcp26, rcp45 and rcp85 experiments covering a period from 1971 to 2100. In total 8 different RCMs from 8 institutes are included in the data set. ISIMIP3BASD v2.4.1 (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4686991) method was used for bias adjustment. The method is based on a parametric quantile mapping, including trend preservation of each quantile. Bias adjustment was performed for each variable separately. We used E-OBS v19.0e (https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028200) data to calibrate the bias adjustment transfer functions for the period 1971 to 2005. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Regional Climate, and the Working Group on Coupled Modelling, former coordinating body of CORDEX and responsible panel for CMIP5. We also thank the climate modelling groups (CLMcom, DMI, GERICS, IPSL-INERIS, KNMI, MPI-CSC, SMHI and UHOH) for producing and making available their model output. We also acknowledge the Earth System Grid Federation infrastructure an international effort led by the U.S. Department of Energy's Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, the European Network for Earth System Modelling and other partners in the Global Organisation for Earth System Science Portals (GO-ESSP). The data was developed and utilized within the Clim4Vitis (https://clim4vitis.eu), ProgRAMM and OptAKlim projects. The project is supported by funds of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) based on a decision of the Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany via the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE) under the innovation support programme. ProgRAMM: 281B204516 OptAKlim: 281B203216