Idealized volcanic-forcing coupled climate model experiment using the 1991 Pinatubo forcing as used in the CMIP6 historical simulations. It is a Tier 1 (mandatory) VolMIP experiment based on a large ensemble of short-term “Pinatubo” climate simulations aimed at accurately estimating simulated responses to volcanic forcing that may be comparable to the amplitude of internal interannual climate variability. Initialization is based on equally distributed predefined states of ENSO (cold/neutral/warm states) and of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO, negative/neutral/positive states). Sampling of an eastern phase of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), as observed after the 1991 Pinatubo eruption, is preferred for those models that spontaneously generate such mode of stratospheric variability. VIRF diagnostics must be calculated for this experiment for the whole integration and for all ensemble members, as these are required for the “volc-pinatubo-strat”/“surf” experiments. A minimum length of integration of 3 years is requested. Details about the experiment are provided by Zanchettin et al. (2016). The dataset contains monthly values of selected variables spatially averaged over four regions. These are the full globe (GL), the Northern Hemisphere extratropics (30°-90°N, NH), the tropics (30°S-30°N, TR), and the Southern Hemisphere (30°-90°S, hereafter SH). The considered variables have the following cmor names: hfls, hfss, pr, rlds, rldscs, rlus, rlut, rlutcs, rsds, rsdscs, rsdt, rsus, rsut, rsutcs, tas. Additionally, the climate indices NAO and Nino34 are part of the dataset. Considered models are CanESM5, IPSL-CM6A-LR, GISS-E2.1-G, MIROC-ES2L, MPI-ESM1.2-LR (named MPI-ESM-LR in the files of this dataset) and UKESM1. Considered experiments are piControl and volc-pinatubo-full, with initial date and final date as specified for each model in Zanchettin et al. (2021). Different realizations are considered for the participating models depending on availability.

preindustrial Control experiment to be used in VolMIP analyses. The piControl experiment is the CMIP6-DECK piControl experiment described in Eyring et al. (2016). piControl provides initial climate states that are sampled to start most of VolMIP experiments (Zanchettin et al., 2016). The dataset contains monthly values of selected variables spatially averaged over four regions. These are the full globe (GL), the Northern Hemisphere extratropics (30°-90°N, NH), the tropics (30°S-30°N, TR), and the Southern Hemisphere (30°-90°S, hereafter SH). The considered variables have the following cmor names: hfls, hfss, pr, rlds, rldscs, rlus, rlut, rlutcs, rsds, rsdscs, rsdt, rsus, rsut, rsutcs, tas. Additionally, the climate indices NAO and Nino34 are part of the dataset. Considered models are CanESM5, IPSL-CM6A-LR, GISS-E2.1-G, MIROC-ES2L, MPI-ESM1.2-LR (named MPI-ESM-LR in the files of this dataset) and UKESM1. Considered experiments are piControl and volc-pinatubo-full, with initial date and final date as specified for each model in Zanchettin et al. (2021). Different realizations are considered for the participating models depending on availability.

preindustrial Control experiment to be used in VolMIP analyses. The piControl experiment is the CMIP6-DECK piControl experiment described in Eyring et al. (2016). piControl provides initial climate states that are sampled to start most of VolMIP experiments (Zanchettin et al., 2016). The dataset contains monthly values of selected variables spatially averaged over four regions. These are the full globe (GL), the Northern Hemisphere extratropics (30°-90°N, NH), the tropics (30°S-30°N, TR), and the Southern Hemisphere (30°-90°S, hereafter SH). The considered variables have the following cmor names: hfls, hfss, pr, rlds, rldscs, rlus, rlut, rlutcs, rsds, rsdscs, rsdt, rsus, rsut, rsutcs, tas. Additionally, the climate indices NAO and Nino34 are part of the dataset. Considered models are CanESM5, IPSL-CM6A-LR, GISS-E2.1-G, MIROC-ES2L, MPI-ESM1.2-LR (named MPI-ESM-LR in the files of this dataset) and UKESM1. Considered experiments are piControl and volc-pinatubo-full, with initial date and final date as specified for each model in Zanchettin et al. (2021). Different realizations are considered for the participating models depending on availability.

Idealized volcanic-forcing coupled climate model experiment using the 1991 Pinatubo forcing as used in the CMIP6 historical simulations. It is a Tier 1 (mandatory) VolMIP experiment based on a large ensemble of short-term “Pinatubo” climate simulations aimed at accurately estimating simulated responses to volcanic forcing that may be comparable to the amplitude of internal interannual climate variability. Initialization is based on equally distributed predefined states of ENSO (cold/neutral/warm states) and of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO, negative/neutral/positive states). Sampling of an eastern phase of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), as observed after the 1991 Pinatubo eruption, is preferred for those models that spontaneously generate such mode of stratospheric variability. VIRF diagnostics must be calculated for this experiment for the whole integration and for all ensemble members, as these are required for the “volc-pinatubo-strat”/“surf” experiments. A minimum length of integration of 3 years is requested. Details about the experiment are provided by Zanchettin et al. (2016). The dataset contains monthly values of selected variables spatially averaged over four regions. These are the full globe (GL), the Northern Hemisphere extratropics (30°-90°N, NH), the tropics (30°S-30°N, TR), and the Southern Hemisphere (30°-90°S, hereafter SH). The considered variables have the following cmor names: hfls, hfss, pr, rlds, rldscs, rlus, rlut, rlutcs, rsds, rsdscs, rsdt, rsus, rsut, rsutcs, tas. Additionally, the climate indices NAO and Nino34 are part of the dataset. Considered models are CanESM5, IPSL-CM6A-LR, GISS-E2.1-G, MIROC-ES2L, MPI-ESM1.2-LR (named MPI-ESM-LR in the files of this dataset) and UKESM1. Considered experiments are piControl and volc-pinatubo-full, with initial date and final date as specified for each model in Zanchettin et al. (2021). Different realizations are considered for the participating models depending on availability.

A number of idealised simulation experiments of ice rises in Antarctica using the finite element model Elmer/Ice are performed. The model solves the Stokes equations and ice rises are formed by a protrusion of the bed into the ice shelf. The surrounding ice is floating and hydrostatic pressure is applied. There is a constant influx of ice on one side of the domain and the ice is allowed to flow out of the domain on the opposite side, subject to hydrostatic pressure. The three simulations in this data repository correspond with three varying basal friction coefficients. To understand the response of ice rises to changes in sea level, we perform transient simulations increasing and decreasing sea level at a constant rate. The data includes vtu and pvtu files, which allow for visualisation of the simulation using Paraview. Each vtu file contains the data for one partition of the domain and the pvtu file allows the entire domain to be visualised. The result files can be used to restart simulations in Elmer/Ice. The mesh generation and simulation initialisation for all experiments (LowFriction, IntermediateFriction and HighFriction) are generated using the code in the Remesh and Init directories in the the LowFriction directory. The code used to run the simulations and the post-processing code are also provided.

In work package 6 of the nextGEMS project, several ocean-only model runs were performed with FESOM (Version 2.0) and ICON-O (Version 2.6.6), to test the sensitivity of the upper tropical Atlantic to different settings of the vertical mixing scheme. Two different mixing schemes were tested: TKE and KPP. For TKE, we tested different settings of the c_k parameter (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3), and for KPP different settings of the critical bulk Richardson number (0.3 and 0.27). These runs were done with both ICON-O and FESOM, to enable a comparison of the effects of the vertical mixing settings across different models. From ICON-O only, there are some additional TKE runs available, where we increased the interior ocean background mixing, and switched on the Langmuir turbulence parameterisation. There is also an ICON-O run which uses the FESOM default forcing bulk formulae, to check how much of the differences between the models originates from their different default bulk formulae. All model runs are ocean only, forced with hourly ERA5 reanalysis data. The horizontal resolution is 10km (for FESOM, the extratropical regions have a coarser grid). The output from the tropical Atlantic from these model runs is provided here, with a high temporal resolution of 3 hours, and interpolated to a 0.1°x0.1° latitude-longitude grid. Please read the readme before using the data: https://www.wdc-climate.de/ui/entry?acronym=nextGEMSWp6OceanREADME nextGEMS is funded through the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreement number 101003470.

The transient simulation was performed with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model version 1.2 in coarse resolution (MPI-ESM-CR) coupled to the ice-sheet model mPISM and the solid-earth model VILMA. MPI-ESM includes the spectral atmospheric model ECHAM6.3 at T31 horizontal resolution (approx. 3.75°) and 31 vertical levels, the land surface vegetation model JSBACH3.2, and the primitive equation ocean model MPIOM1.6 with a nominal resolution of 3°. Embedded into MPIOM1.6 is an Eulerian iceberg model (Erokhina and Mikolajewicz 2024). mPISM is based on PISM0.7.3. and was employed using a polar stereographic grid with a resolution of 10 km in the northern hemisphere and 15 km for Antarctica. VILMA was used in its 1D configuration and discretized on a Gaussian F128 grid with a nominal resolution of 0.7°. The applied setup was introduced in detail in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024). Following an asynchronous spin-up from 46 ka to 26ka during which MPI-ESM was run with an acceleration factor of 10, the model was integrated without acceleration from a glacial state at 26 ka to the year 1950 with prescribed atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations (Köhler et al., 2017) and insolation (Berger & Loutre, 1991). This simulation used climatological volcanic forcing representing PI conditions. Forcing fields between MPI-ESM, mPISM, and VILMA as well as changes in the topography, glacier mask, river pathways, ocean bathymetry, and land-sea mask were updated every 10 years. The experiment was performed as part of a model ensemble that contains simulations differing in terms of their tuning parameters, parameterizations, bug fixes and volcanic boundary forcing. These differences are described according to the CMIP6 nomenclature, where r denotes the realization, i the initialization method, p differences in the physics and f in the forcing. The ensemble is described in detail in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024). This particular simulation corresponds to the simulation D1.3 in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024). Note that the time runs with an offset of +25001 years, meaning that the year range 1-25000 of the data set equals the years 25000-1 BP (Before Present). All data are global datasets with the exception of output from the ice sheet model where regional northern hemispheric and southern hemispheric domains are used. Please note that 10 years of model output from MPI-ESM, spanning the time from 381-370 BP are missing. The corresponding files only contain missing values.

The transient simulation was performed with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model version 1.2 in coarse resolution (MPI-ESM-CR) coupled to the ice-sheet model mPISM and the solid-earth model VILMA. MPI-ESM includes the spectral atmospheric model ECHAM6.3 at T31 horizontal resolution (approx. 3.75°) and 31 vertical levels, the land surface vegetation model JSBACH3.2, and the primitive equation ocean model MPIOM1.6 with a nominal resolution of 3°. Embedded into MPIOM1.6 is an Eulerian iceberg model (Erokhina and Mikolajewicz 2024). mPISM is based on PISM0.7.3. and was employed using a polar stereographic grid with a resolution of 10 km in the northern hemisphere and 15 km for Antarctica. VILMA was used in its 1D configuration and discretized on a Gaussian F128 grid with a nominal resolution of 0.7°. The applied setup was introduced in detail in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024). Following an asynchronous spin-up from 46 ka to 26ka during which MPI-ESM was run with an acceleration factor of 10, the model was integrated without acceleration from a glacial state at 26 ka to the year 1950 with prescribed atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations (Köhler et al., 2017) and insolation (Berger & Loutre, 1991). This simulation used annualy varying volcanic forcing (Schindlbeck-Belo et al., 2024). Forcing fields between MPI-ESM, mPISM, and VILMA as well as changes in the topography, glacier mask, river pathways, ocean bathymetry, and land-sea mask were updated every 10 years. The experiment was performed as part of a model ensemble that contains simulations differing in terms of their tuning parameters, parameterizations, bug fixes and volcanic boundary forcing. These differences are described according to the CMIP6 nomenclature, where r denotes the realization, i the initialization method, p differences in the physics and f in the forcing. The ensemble is described in detail in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024). This particular simulation corresponds to the simulation D2.2 in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024). Note that the time runs with an offset of +25001 years, meaning that the year range 1-25000 of the data set equals the years 25000-1 BP (Before Present). All data are global datasets with the exception of output from the ice sheet model where regional northern hemispheric and southern hemispheric domains are used.

The transient simulation was performed with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model version 1.2 in coarse resolution (MPI-ESM-CR) coupled to the ice-sheet model mPISM and the solid-earth model VILMA. MPI-ESM includes the spectral atmospheric model ECHAM6.3 at T31 horizontal resolution (approx. 3.75°) and 31 vertical levels, the land surface vegetation model JSBACH3.2, and the primitive equation ocean model MPIOM1.6 with a nominal resolution of 3°. Embedded into MPIOM1.6 is an Eulerian iceberg model (Erokhina and Mikolajewicz 2024). mPISM is based on PISM0.7.3. and was employed using a polar stereographic grid with a resolution of 10 km in the northern hemisphere and 15 km for Antarctica. VILMA was used in its 1D configuration and discretized on a Gaussian F128 grid with a nominal resolution of 0.7°. The applied setup was introduced in detail in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024). Following an asynchronous spin-up from 46 ka to 26ka during which MPI-ESM was run with an acceleration factor of 10, the model was integrated without acceleration from a glacial state at 26 ka to the year 1950 with prescribed atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations (Köhler et al., 2017) and insolation (Berger & Loutre, 1991). This simulation used annualy varying volcanic forcing (Schindlbeck-Belo et al., 2024). Forcing fields between MPI-ESM, mPISM, and VILMA as well as changes in the topography, glacier mask, river pathways, ocean bathymetry, and land-sea mask were updated every 10 years. The experiment was performed as part of a model ensemble that contains simulations differing in terms of their tuning parameters, parameterizations, bug fixes and volcanic boundary forcing. These differences are described according to the CMIP6 nomenclature, where r denotes the realization, i the initialization method, p differences in the physics and f in the forcing. The ensemble is described in detail in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024). This particular simulation corresponds to the simulation D2.3 in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024). Note that the time runs with an offset of +25001 years, meaning that the year range 1-25000 of the data set equals the years 25000-1 BP (Before Present). All data are global datasets with the exception of output from the ice sheet model where regional northern hemispheric and southern hemispheric domains are used.

The transient simulation was performed with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model version 1.2 in coarse resolution (MPI-ESM-CR) coupled to the ice-sheet model mPISM and the solid-earth model VILMA. MPI-ESM includes the spectral atmospheric model ECHAM6.3 at T31 horizontal resolution (approx. 3.75°) and 31 vertical levels, the land surface vegetation model JSBACH3.2, and the primitive equation ocean model MPIOM1.6 with a nominal resolution of 3°. Embedded into MPIOM1.6 is an Eulerian iceberg model (Erokhina and Mikolajewicz 2024). mPISM is based on PISM0.7.3. and was employed using a polar stereographic grid with a resolution of 10 km in the northern hemisphere and 15 km for Antarctica. VILMA was used in its 1D configuration and discretized on a Gaussian F128 grid with a nominal resolution of 0.7°. The applied setup was introduced in detail in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024). Following an asynchronous spin-up from 46 ka to 26ka during which MPI-ESM was run with an acceleration factor of 10, the model was integrated without acceleration from a glacial state at 26 ka to the year 1950 with prescribed atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations (Köhler et al., 2017) and insolation (Berger & Loutre, 1991). This simulation used annualy varying volcanic forcing (Schindlbeck-Belo et al., 2024). Forcing fields between MPI-ESM, mPISM, and VILMA as well as changes in the topography, glacier mask, river pathways, ocean bathymetry, and land-sea mask were updated every 10 years. The experiment was performed as part of a model ensemble that contains simulations differing in terms of their tuning parameters, parameterizations, bug fixes and volcanic boundary forcing. These differences are described according to the CMIP6 nomenclature, where r denotes the realization, i the initialization method, p differences in the physics and f in the forcing. The ensemble is described in detail in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024). This particular simulation corresponds to the simulation D2.4 in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024). Note that the time runs with an offset of +25001 years, meaning that the year range 1-25000 of the data set equals the years 25000-1 BP (Before Present). All data are global datasets with the exception of output from the ice sheet model where regional northern hemispheric and southern hemispheric domains are used.