This dataset provides monthly maximum Land Surface Temperature (LST) values over Europe, derived from 1-km AVHRR observations. The data is generated by DLR and provided in the framework of the TIMELINE project. LST values are retrieved using physically-based split- and mono-window algorithms and corrected for atmospheric influences and surface emissivity. Only cloud-free observations with sensor view angles below 50 degrees are used. Due to reliance on infrared observations, data may be limited under persistent cloud cover. To ensure temporal consistency across sensors and overpass times, an orbit drift correction method was applied. This method harmonizes LST values to a fixed reference time of 13:00 local solar time, approximating the daily maximum temperature. The dataset is gridded in a 1-km LAEA ETRS89 projection. The product is provided in four tiles, covering the extent of the European Environmental Agency (EEA) reference grid, which includes the area from 900 000 m East and 900 000m North to 7 400 000m East and 5 500 000m North. The TIMELINE (TIMe Series Processing of Medium Resolution Earth Observation Data assessing Long-Term Dynamics In our Natural Environment) project, led by the German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), focuses on generating a consistent, multi-decadal time series derived from NOAA and Metop AVHRR data. Spanning more than 40 years from the early 1980s to the present this dataset covers Europe and North Africa. TIMELINE establishes an operational environment for the systematic reprocessing of AVHRR raw data into Level 1b, Level 2, and Level 3 geoinformation products at 1.1 km spatial resolution. These products maintain uniform standards in format, projection, and spatial coverage. The dataset includes a comprehensive suite of land and atmospheric parameters such as atmospherically corrected surface reflectance, NDVI, snow cover, fire hotspots, burnt area, land and sea surface temperatures, and various cloud physical properties (e.g., cloud top temperature). By combining traditional and innovative remote sensing products with robust processing algorithms and state-of-the-art validation techniques, TIMELINE provides a unique, high-quality dataset for global change research.

The TimeScan product is based on the fully-automated analysis of comprehensive time-series acquisitions of Landsat data. Based on a user-specified definition of the required period of time, the region of interest and – optionally – the maximum cloud cover, the TimeScan processor starts with the collection of all available Landsat scenes that meet the user specification. Next, for each single scene masking of clouds, haze and shadow is conducted using the Fmask algorithm. Then, a total of 6 indices is calculated for those pixels of each single scene that have not been masked in the prior step. The set of indices includes the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Built-up Index (BI), the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), the Normalized Difference Band-5 / Band-7 (ND57), the Normalized Difference Band-4 / Band-3 (ND43), and the Normalized Difference Band-3 / Band-2 (ND32). Finally, the TimeScan product is generated by calculating the temporal statistics (minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, mean slope) for each index over the defined period of time. Hence, in case of the defined 6 indices chosen, the TimeScan product will include a total of 30 bands (5 statistical features per index). As an additional band a quality layer is added which shows for each pixel the number of valid values (meaning times with no cloud/haze or shadow cover) that have been included in the statistics calculation.

The global TanDEM-X High-Resolution Coastline Product was developed by the German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) as part of the TanDEM-X Mission and the HydroSHEDS v2.0 project. It is a global vector dataset that outlines the boundary between terrestrial and marine environments at a resolution of 10 meters. Between 2010 and 2015, the TanDEM-X mission acquired a complete coverage of the Earth's landmass, resulting in a global digital elevation model (DEM). Since the TanDEM-X coastline is derived from the TanDEM-X dataset, it provides an optimal fit for improving the DEM. Additionally, the TanDEM-X coastline is a key component in the derivation of hydrographic data within the HydroSHEDS v2.0 project, where it defines the outer boundary of watersheds and river networks. To meet hydrological requirements and to ensure global consistency, the TanDEM-X coastline was extracted automatically in a first step and subsequently manually verified and refined. Since the coastline is a mapping feature located in the coastal zone, its position is a function of the source data, the method used to identify the coastline, the time of acquisition, and the purpose of mapping.

This collection contains radar image products of the German national TerraSAR-X mission acquired in High Resolution Spotlight mode. High Resolution Spotlight imaging allows for a spatial resolution of up to 1 m at a scene size of 10 km (across swath) x 5 km (in orbit direction). TerraSAR-X is a sun-synchronous polar-orbiting, all-weather, day-and-night X-band radar earth observation mission realized in the frame of a public-private partnership between the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Airbus Defence and Space. For more information concerning the TerraSAR-X mission, the reader is referred to: https://www.dlr.de/content/de/missionen/terrasar-x.html

In July 2022 we mapped the tidal area of the Elbe near Cuxhaven and Brunsbüttel. The data was gathered by UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) with a RBG camera and a PDGNSS-Rover (Precice Differential Global Navigation Satellite System) in three areas: 1) Otterndorf at low tidal level (beach area), 2) Neufelderkoog at low tidal level (wadden area), 3) Neufeld at high tidal level (flooded reed area). For each area we provide a digital orthophoto and the correlation of the measurement timing to the local sea level. The measurements were obtained at the same time as the radar satellite Sentinel 1 crossed the area. The data is structured in three zip-archives corresponding to the study areas: 1) 20220712_Tnw_Otterndorf.zip: provides the time series data as comma-separated text files (CSV)  provides (a) a digital orthophoto at 1,5 cm resolution, (b) an overview jpg showing of the measurement times and the local sea level, (c) timing of the UAV-flightlines and (d) two PDGNSS measurement series collected simultaneously as csv. (downloadable as 10.4 GB zip archive),  2) 20220712_Tnw_NeufelderkoogPriel.zip: provides (a) a digital orthophoto at 2 cm resolution and (b) an overview jpg showing of the measurement times and the local sea level (downloadable as 6,3 GB zip archive),  3) 20220720_Thw_Neufeld.zip: provides (a) a digital orthophoto at 2 cm resolution and (b) an overview jpg showing of the measurement times and the local sea level (downloadable as 8,4 GB zip archive). The data is used in the frame of the project "satellite based water-land-boundary detection" (Sat-Land-Fluss), as validation for Sentinel-1 derived water-land determinations. Sat-Land-Fluss was a R&D project lasting from 2020-2024, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport in the 4th project call "National Copernicus Application" (50EW2015).